This seems to be due to how the installer works and the fact that the latest version isn't signed with any code signing certificate. It used to be, but I can't find a cheap one anymore.
Anyways, the installer has 2 parts, setup.exe and TorrentRoverSetup.msi, and these 2 files are packed together using something called IExpress, which comes with Windows. The issue has something to do with extracting the 2 packed files into the temp directory. For some reason, Windows doesn't like it.
There is a workaround though. The setup.exe file really only checks system requirements. You need to have .NET 3.5 SP1 installed (enabled on Windows 10). The installer is really the TorrentRoverSetup.msi file. You can download them separately here. Download both to the same directory, and run setup.exe first. When setup.exe finishes, it should launch TorrentRoverSetup.msi automatically, but if it doesn't, you can then run TorrentRoverSetup.msi.
setup.exe
TorrentRoverSetup.msi